All life emerges from and is sustained by consciousness" (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi).
is sustained" (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi)
"Life is a process of information"
(John von Neumann)
"Life is an evolving software. The origin of life is the origin of software" (Gregory Chaitin).
"Every form of language is a form of life" (Wittgenstein).
The Phenomenon of Life
What is life?
Various definitions of life (or living things) have been attempted, including the following:
A living thing is a complex system in dynamic equilibrium with the environment.
The concept of system is generic and designates an entity formed by interdependent components that form a unit, that performs a task or has a specific objective and that exhibits a global behavior. It is therefore referred to as a "living being" or "living system".
Life is an internal force or activity by which a being that possesses it works.
Life is a manifestation of consciousness on the physical plane.
For the biologist Humberto Maturana, the key concept of life is circularity.
For the physicist Amit Goswami, life is consciousness and circularity.
For the mathematician John von Neumann, life is a process of information.
And, better than trying to define life, is to establish its properties. Diversity and complexity are the hallmarks of life. But there are other properties.
Complexity. Life is a complex phenomenon. However, the general concept of complexity does not have a precise definition, because it is a fuzzy concept. Moreover, there are many types of complexity: structural, functional, interactive, etc.
Diversity. Life manifests itself in a great variety of species.
Homoestasis. A living system is stable (maintains its internal equilibrium) under perturbations from the environment. It is in equilibrium between the external perturbations of the environment and its internal dynamics (its metabolism), which allows it to compensate for these perturbations. It interacts with the environment, adapting to its changes.
Self-referentiality. A living being refers to itself, i.e., it has feedback. The living cell is a self-referential system, for it can organize itself, maintain itself, reproduce itself, and perceive itself as an identity separate from the environment.
Autonomy. Autonomy is a consequence of its self-reference.
Self-organization and self-regulation. They are also consequences of its self-reference.
Coherence. A living being is extraordinarily coherent. All its parts are connected to each other in a coherent way. What happens in one cell, tissue or organ, happens in the rest of the organism. The transmission of information is instantaneous, non-local.
Evolutionary capacity. It is a process of negative entropy, i.e., tending to order, contrary to the second law of thermodynamics (the law of increasing entropy, of disorder).
Ability to reproduce (in itself or in another related organism).
Autopoiesis. "Autopoiesis" (from the Greek "poiesis", production) is a neologism invented in 1971 by biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to explain the organization of biological systems as autopoietic systems: self-production, or self-regeneration through a circular, self-referential organization. This property of producing themselves defines their identity and their coupling with their environment.
Consciousness. Being alive is a unitary sensation, not fragmented, it is consciousness. Life, like consciousness, unites pairs of opposites: organism and environment, the static and the dynamic, the producer and the product, the doing and the being, the subject and the object.
The generative principles of life
There are two conflicting principles concerning the subject of the origin of life:
The principle of ascending causation (PCA). Life is an evolution of matter, a consequence of the organization of matter. There is no purpose in the process. Every system can be explained from its component elements. There are phenomena of ascending emergence: mind and consciousness are epiphenomena of matter. Here we find determinism and Darwin's theory (the theory of evolution of species by natural selection) and, in general, materialistic scientists who believe in two things: 1) that the origin of life is in matter, that life is simply chemistry or that it is an epiphenomenon of matter; 2) that life can be created in the laboratory.
The principle of downward causation (PDC). Life is a manifestation on the physical plane of a higher level or plane, which is consciousness. Matter is a means or instrument for consciousness to manifest on the physical plane. A manifested consciousness implies a finality, a purpose, a teleology. Here we can place creationism, intelligent design and the new paradigm based on consciousness.
The goal of science is to find a general explanation of all phenomena. In the case of biology, it is to formulate a general unified theory, as in the case of physics. In this sense, the search has to be oriented according to the PDC.
Darwinism
In essence, Darwin's theory of evolution, reflected in his 1859 work "The Origin of Species" and its subsequent modifications, is based on the following ideas:
Gradual evolution.
Organisms and species evolve gradually.
The common ancestor hypothesis.
All living things have evolved from a common ancestor or primordial cell in a process of increasing complexity. All living beings are related through the primordial ancestor, in a single genealogical tree.
Variability.
Variability in organisms is produced by small random or accidental mutations and by sexual reproduction. Randomness occurs independently of reproduction and natural selection.
Natural selection.
Life manifests itself as a struggle for survival. The less adapted organisms tend to become extinct and the better adapted ones tend to survive and reproduce. Living things evolve through random mutations and natural selection.
Speciation.
Speciation is the process by which one species diverges into two or more descendant species. Speciation occurs from pre-existing varieties through natural selection.
Creationism
Creationism holds that God created the world and living things for a purpose, and that it is an a priori and indisputable truth. In the U.S., there is more belief in the accuracy of the biblical account of Genesis than in the Darwinian theory of evolution.
According to William Paley −an 18th century theologian, author of "Natural Theology" (1802)−, life has been created by God because of its complexity and perfection. He puts two metaphors: 1) just as a watch has a creator (the watchmaker), man and the cosmos owe their existence to the Great Designer; 2) the human eye is very complex, as precise as a watch and as powerful as a telescope. Eye and telescope share the same principles; one has been created by God, the other by man.
The human eye presented Darwin with a problem, for he recognized the difficulty of attributing its complexity to mere natural selection. "Difficult, but not impossible," he said in "The Origin of Species."
So-called "intelligent design" appeared and developed in the U.S. around 1987. It holds that the origin and evolution of the universe, life and man are the result of actions taken by one or more intelligent agents. An example of intelligent design is the complex DNA molecule.
Intelligent design is the modern name for creationism, which seeks the respectability that creationism failed to achieve, by means of a certain scientific veneer. It does not directly cite God, although it is more or less implied. One of the arguments it uses is the so-called "anthropic principle": the world is designed for human life, because the physical constants are adjusted to produce human life. If those constants were slightly different, life would not have been possible.
According to Philip Johnson [2007] −the most prominent advocate and leading ideologue of intelligent design− Darwinism is a new religion or a substitute for religion as it is a scientifically unproven theory.
According to Fred Hoyle [1985], "Life cannot have come about by chance. There is an intelligence coexisting with the universe, and that intelligence and the universe need each other."
According to David Wilcock [2012], "Life was created by some kind of intelligence."
Nevertheless, one can be a creationist and an evolutionist. It is enough to suppose that in the beginning God created a primordial form and endowed it with the power of evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace himself (co-author of the theory of evolution) believed in the existence of a creator God. According to biologist Francisco José Ayala, it is perfectly possible to be a supporter of the theory of evolution and believe in the existence of God at the same time.
Neo-Darwinism
Neo-Darwinism, also called "synthetic theory of evolution" or "genetic theory of evolution" or "genetic Darwinism", is the synthesis of classical Darwinism with modern genetic theory. The theory was formulated in the 1930s and 1940s. Darwin did not know about the existence of genes, since the discovery of DNA was made in 1953, more than 70 years after his death.
According to neo-Darwinism, evolution is produced by two fundamental causes:
Genetic variability. It takes place at the micro level, the genotype, through mutations and genetic recombinations produced at random within a population. These are the accidental variations of which Darwin spoke. Darwin did not know the mechanism that generated biological variants. Neo-Darwinism identified this mechanism with random genetic mutations.
Natural selection. It takes place at the macro level, the phenotype. The genetic combinations worst adapted to the environment tend to become extinct, while the most adapted tend to survive and reproduce. Natural selection is the basic mechanism of evolution, the creative force of biological evolution acting on random mutations.
Today, most evolutionary biologists accept neo-Darwinism as the true and complete theory of evolution. Richard Dawkins is the major proponent and popularizer of neo-Darwinism.
Evo-Devo
Evo-Devo (from "Evolution and Development") is a new paradigm in biology and is one of the most innovative fields in biology. It attempts to combine or integrate ontogeny (embryonic development) and phylogeny (the pattern of a species). Evolution and development are considered aspects of the same process and obey the same law. It attempts to explain the evolution and morphological diversity of living beings as a consequence of changes in embryonic development programs.
Evo-Devo was created by Ernst Haeckel, who set out to make a synthesis of existing embryological knowledge and Darwinian evolutionary theory. For this purpose he founded a new discipline: ecology. For Haeckel, phylogeny is the cause of ontogeny, and not the other way around. The fundamental biogenetic law is: ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
Evo-Devo aims to complement neo-Darwinian theory by providing a broader conceptual framework.
Not everything is prefixed in the genes. Nor is the environment the engine of evolution. There is another layer of information beyond DNA that is much more flexible, the epigenetic layer, which are chemical processes that combine and regulate genetic information and is the foundation of morphological diversity. So there are 3 levels: genetics, epigenetics and environment.
Epigenetics is the study of all the non-genetic factors involved in ontogeny (the development of the organism), basically the interactions between genes and environment. There is an epigenomic inheritance. The epigenome is the global epigenetic information of the organism.
A distinction must be made between microevolution (based on neo-Darwinian mechanisms of mutation and selection) and macroevolution (based on evolutionary innovations produced by developmental regulatory genes). The study of developmental genes is key knowledge for understanding evolution.
The environment regulates the initial genetic information, acting not only on genetic information, but also on epigenetics, i.e. on genetic information and its regulation. This model follows the Lamarckian theory, according to which the environment is the generator of the traits of the living being (the function creates the organ).
The concept of emergence
The principle of bottom-up causation (PCA) is closely related to the concept of "emergence," since emergence is a bottom-up, bottom-up process. Emergence refers to the appearance in a system of properties or processes that cannot be reduced or explained from the properties or processes of its components. An emergent phenomenon is holistic, global, arising as a consequence of local and particular phenomena. The whole is greater than its parts. Typical examples of emergence are: the behavior of an ant colony or a flock of birds. A hurricane is also an emergent phenomenon of the movement of particles present in the air, which produce a spiral pattern.
Emergent phenomena are associated with novelty, surprise. They are creative phenomena. There are emergent phenomena that are initially surprising, but which cease to be so when the causes (the local phenomena and their composition) are known.
It is often claimed that mind, consciousness and life are emergent phenomena of neural processes. In this sense it is argued that psychology is reducible to biology, biology to chemistry and chemistry to physics, the latter being the most fundamental science of all. The concept of emergence is much discussed in science and philosophy, since it is a key concept for the foundation of the aforementioned sciences.
In a biological system, emergence manifests itself as identity, survival, self-organization, and self-regulation. The organization of the levels has specific properties that are not reducible to those of the lower levels. It is assumed that there is a law connecting the higher and the lower, the micro and macro levels.
The phenomenon of emergence is situated beyond vitalism and mechanism. Vitalism assumes that life is a supernatural phenomenon produced by entities such as the hypothetical "élan vital" (Bergson's hypothetical vital force or vital impulse). Mechanism assumes that life is reducible to physical processes.
The concept of emergence has gained renewed interest with the rise of the so-called "complexity sciences", among which artificial life is included. Artificial life is an inexhaustible source of examples of emergent phenomena, whose paradigm is the game of life, since emergent, qualitative, global behaviors appear from simple local laws or rules applied recursively.
The phenomenon of emergence is considered by many to be the "hallmark" of life. But the general notion of emergence is not formally defined. It is a fuzzy concept, although in certain contexts it has a precise meaning (as in Conway's play of life and Dawkins' bioforms). Some believe that emergence is a form of surprise, something subjective. Others believe it is something objective, independent of the observer, when the phenomenon is derivable from a priori established rules. The emergent phenomenon need not be complex; it can be simple as well.
Critique of Darwinism
Darwin's theory, since its appearance in 1859, provoked a great controversy, although it has been progressively admitted by science thanks mainly to neo-Darwinism. The current official position considers Darwinian evolution to be a proven fact. Nevertheless, today the theory has many debatable aspects, especially in the light of the great advances in molecular biology, molecular biochemistry and genetics:
The concept of evolution.
In general, the principle of organic evolution is not disputed; it is admitted as an objective fact supported by evidence. Evolution is not merely an idea, a theory or a concept, but is the name of a process of nature. It is something that cannot be disproved because it is a self-evident fact. We know that it occurs, but we do not know exactly how it occurs.
However, the concept of evolution is ambiguous. There is no formal definition of the term. Colloquially, evolution is understood as a progressive, gradual improvement, with increasing complexity. But evolution does not necessarily imply improvement, nor does it imply that organisms become increasingly complex. Depending on the environment, complexity may be maintained, decreased or increased.
The origin of life.
Darwin did not address the subject of the origin of life. He only dealt with the subject of evolution. The DNA molecule, the complex molecule common to all living things, seems to have arisen from nothing. How did the first cell, with its enormous complexity, arise? The existence of DNA calls into question the theory of evolution. DNA is the Achilles heel of the theory of evolution. When Darwin published his theory, it was believed that the functioning of life was very simple.
Bottom-up process.
Darwinian evolution is a process of ascending causality: from matter to life. It rejects any higher principle, teleology, finality, purpose, aim, purpose, or intentionality. It denies design: the eye was formed without any purpose to produce an organ of vision. It is a materialistic theory, blind, without consciousness or spirit.
Life is a process of descending causality. It is a manifestation of consciousness on the physical plane. In an ovum a plan is already present, there is a future force, the future is already in the present.
Random mutations.
Darwinian evolution needs more than mutations. Mutations cause loss of genetic information. And what is needed is an increase in genetic information. For example, to transform a reptile into a bird requires additional genetic information, which implies more complexity.
Natural selection.
The concept of "natural selection" is also ambiguous, imprecise, has multiple, even opposite, meanings. Even Darwin even qualifies it as a "false term". The various meanings are: survival of the fittest (or the most adapted), differential survival, competition, cooperation, negative selection (filter or sieve that eliminates the least fit individuals, the non-useful or harmful mutations), positive selection (as a creative process, of creation of adaptations, which is capable of generating novelties and increasing the probability of certain combinations), etc. It is discussed whether natural selection acts on genes, proteins, biochemical processes, organisms or populations. It is also discussed whether or not natural selection is governed by chance. In general, the process of adaptation is considered to be the key to evolution, but the role and meaning of adaptation is controversial. Adaptation is usually interpreted at the global level: the interaction of the organism with other organisms and its environment.
Natural selection is a system of conservation, not creation. Selection is not a creative force. It explains the survival of species, not the creation of new species.
Survival of the fittest is a tautology: only the fittest survive. Who are the fittest? Those who survive.
For many authors (such as Stephen Jay Gould), natural selection is the creative force of evolution. It does not have a negative or restrictive role, but a creative one. It guides causality and produces new structures, organs and species. It integrates mutations and arranges them into coherent patterns.
According to Lamarckism, the characters acquired by an individual are transmitted to its descendants (the function creates the organ). According to the latest DNA discoveries, this is so.
Ontogeny-phylogeny.
Evolution is defined exclusively in terms of phylogeny, ignoring ontogeny. Phylogeny studies the evolution of species globally, as opposed to ontogeny, which studies the evolution of the individual. Precisely, the Evo-Devo theory attempts to integrate both aspects.
Complexity.
Darwin's theory is a theory that goes against logic, since it states that in order to create a system of great perfection and complexity there is no need for a creator, an intentional consciousness or a previous design.
Darwin did not manage to explain the complexity of life forms. Darwin could not know in his time the complexity of the cell. Natural selection is insufficient to explain the origin, complexity and diversity of life. Life is very complex and cannot be the result of chance. It is impossible that something as complex as a cell can arise by mere chance.
According to Michael Behe [2000], "irreducible complexity" is the evidence for intelligent design. A system of irreducible complexity is a system composed of several parts that interact with each other to make the system work. If one of its parts is removed, the system ceases to function. Natural selection applies to complete, already formed systems and cannot create irreducibly complex systems. We know that there are many irreducibly complex systems at the cellular level. Inside a cell there is a complex universe. According to Behe, a system of irreducible complexity cannot have been formed by gradual modifications since any separate part has no function and the process of natural selection needs an element that has a certain function in order to select a modification. Therefore, such a system cannot have arisen as an integrated unit; it must have been assembled by some intelligence.
Gradualism.
Darwin argues for gradual evolution, that nature does not make leaps (Natura non facit saltum). However, there do appear to be jumps, since there is an absence of transitional varieties between species. The fossil record indicates that there have been discontinuous changes. According to the "punctuated equilibrium theory" of Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldredge (proposed in 1972), species remain stable or undergo gradual changes over long periods (stasis period), followed by abrupt transformations that give rise to new species (speciation process).
The differences between synthetic theory and punctuated equilibrium theory concern not only the timing (fast or slow) of evolution, but also the way in which evolution unfolds. Neo-Darwinists argue that evolution unfolds over time, following a continuous gradual pattern (there is a linear succession from one species to another), whereas punctuationists argue that evolution occurs in a branching and discontinuous fashion (one species gives rise to multiple descendant species that either become extinct or continue to branch).
The theory of evolution does not explain how new species have formed, which involves discontinuous change. Darwin states that natural selection gives rise to new species, but does not specify how. Paradoxically, Darwin titled his book "The Origin of Species", but he did not clarify how species originated. This question remained with him until the end of his days.
It should be remembered that the famous "missing link" −between ape-like creatures and man− has not yet been found. There are also missing links in all species. And no intermediate structures of DNA, the structure common to all living things, have been found.
However, recent research has confirmed that one species can indeed give rise to a different species, a process called speciation. It occurs when a species adapts to new environmental conditions, which causes the phenotype and genotype to change.
Diversity.
The accumulation of small changes does not explain the great diversity of living things. Today it is considered that it is epigenetics, i.e., genetic combinations, that produce the diversity of organisms.
Common ancestor.
One hypothesis of the theory of evolution is that there is a common origin of life, that all living things come from a primordial ancestor by successive branching. This may be true, since humans share a large percentage of the genetic load with bacteria, worms, rats and chimpanzees. The discovery of the DNA molecule and its omnipresence in all living things was interpreted by Darwinists as a confirmation of the common ancestor theory. But it could also be interpreted as proof of the existence of a designer of a very complex structure, since DNA is the most efficient information storage and retrieval system in existence.
According to the theory of evolution, the common ancestor was generated from inorganic matter, that is, life is generated from non-life, which is a contradiction, since the inferior cannot generate the superior.
For some authors, Darwinism is not a scientific theory, it is not an explanation, but a mere description (of some facts), a tautology (an obvious, empty or redundant statement) or a scientific myth.
The new paradigm of evolution
The new paradigm of evolution follows the principle of downward causality based on the existence of a deep, fundamental and unlimited energy field, which is pure (unified, absolute and universal) consciousness, the essence of all creation, the source, motor and sustainer of all that exists, the central organizing force that governs the entire cosmos and the source of all possibilities. It is the energy behind all phenomena, known and unexplained. This field manifests coherently as matter, mind and life. All manifestation is permeated and sustained by this field, which connects the universal and the particular. In this field there is neither space nor time and everything is connected: the boundaries between all things disappear: there is no difference between matter, mind and life because everything is consciousness. This energy-consciousness field from which everything comes is often called "The Source Field" [Wilcock, 2012] or simply "The Field" [McTaggart, 2011]. In this Field the principle of correspondence rules: the same principles emanating from this Field operate on all planes of manifestation.
We can consciously connect with the Field to recharge ourselves with energy in a short time. To do this we must enter a state of coherence, harmony, peace, calm and love.
Consciousness manifests itself creatively and provokes the phenomenon of evolution. Everything is in evolution: matter, mind and life. The universe can be considered a living being and also a great mind. The universe exists because consciousness exists. "The universe is more like a great thought than a great machine" (Sir James Jeans).
According to Teilhard de Chardin:
Evolution began at the Alpha point by the spirit of God, and its goal is the Omega point, the supreme consciousness, the superconsciousness.
Time is the fourth dimension. In evolution the time dimension appears, for change is the essential. The static does not belong to the real world.
Evolution is universal. Not only life, but matter and thought are also involved in the process of evolution. Hence, it is necessary to attribute meaning to that process.
Principle of complexity-consciousness. The sense of evolution is comprised in a general principle: the tendency towards the achievement of higher levels of complexity and consciousness.
Evolution is a universal archetype:
Everything is evolving: the material, the mental and the living. And, if everything evolves, evolution itself must also evolve, i.e. the patterns of evolution change. For example, the expansion of the universe changes as it accelerates in an increasing way.
Everything is consciousness. Therefore, all sciences must be based on consciousness. Consciousness is the universal connecting factor between the deep level (the possibilities) and its manifestations (the superficial). Manifested consciousness is a "collapse" of a possibility of the Field, a manifested possibility.
A science cannot be founded on itself. It needs some deeper principles or foundations. An example of this is Gödel's theorem, the deep meaning of which is that mathematics cannot be founded on itself by formal (superficial) principles.
According to John Wheeler, "No physical theory that deals only with physics will ever explain physics". This view can be generalized to all sciences.
C.S. Lewis claimed that natural science cannot explain the ultimate source or root of biological phenomena, for the origin of matter and life are in a domain that is inaccessible to science. It is impossible to know whether anything exists outside of nature by studying nature alone. The science of evolution, attempting to explain what is beyond its limits, becomes an oxymoron in trying to explain the inexplicable.
For Amit Goswami, God is the agent of downward causation.
Alfred Russell Wallace advocate along with Darwin of the theory of evolution believed in the intervention of a higher power.
There is a hierarchy of levels of reality. These levels can be identified as: 1) physical level; 2) vital level (a morphogenetic mold of the previous one); 3) rational mental level; 4) etheric mental level (where intuition, archetypes and creativity reside); 4) spiritual level (where consciousness and imagination reside).
Each level has causal effects on the lower levels. Every process of a lower level is restricted and acts in conformity with the laws of the higher levels.
An essential philosophical question is the nature of reality. The simplest hypothesis is that reality is abstract at the deep level. There is an abstract level of reality that transcends physical, mental, and vital reality.
Science studies superficial phenomena. The profound is inexplicable. The profound is not science itself, but the foundation of all sciences. "The basis on which all our knowledge and learning rests is the inexplicable" (Schopenhauer).
Regarding the phenomenon of life:
The nature of life is a persistent and unresolved question until today, despite the accumulated knowledge about its properties. That is, we have accumulated epistemology but we do not know its ontology.
Life depends on matter, but life is not an inherent property of matter. Life is "something" added to matter, not something that emerges from matter.
The principle of downward causation is the fundamental force underlying the creative capacity of natural selection. Natural selection must be viewed as a creative evolutionary process toward greater consciousness and complexity.
There is a subtle level above the material plane that acts as a force to produce biological forms. It explains life in its aspects of intelligent design, self-organization and complexity. Evolution is driven by the energy of the Field.
The amazing properties of DNA
The discovery in 1953 of the double helix structure of the DNA molecule by James Watson and Francis Crick has been one of the great milestones of modern science. DNA is present in all cells and is their genetic material. Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. Some organisms are unicellular, such as bacteria and amoebae. Almost all cells of a living thing have the same DNA. An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, make a copy of itself (the strands separate and serve as a template to generate copy-strands).
DNA molecule
Según los últimos descubrimientos, relatados en “El Campo Fuente” de David Wilcock [2012], el ADN tiene propiedades sorprendentes:
DNA vibrates.
DNA vibrates and expresses itself as a solitonic wave. A soliton is a solitary wave that propagates without deformation in a nonlinear medium.
DNA absorbs and emits light.
By an unknown mechanism, DNA absorbs the surrounding photons of light, swirling like a small black hole. The absorbed photons are stored in its spiral structure. The light stored in DNA is the source of its energy and vitality.
All living organisms emit light, continuously emitting photons, through the vibration of DNA. When they emit light, they discharge energy. More photons are emitted in stressful situations.
Therefore, life (DNA) is connected to the physical level through light. Light and DNA are closely related. Both have cyclic structures (sinusoidal and spiral, respectively).
DNA coils and uncoils.
DNA unwinds when the corresponding cell has been damaged or when the cell divides. It is rewound when it is in the process of healing or repairing itself.
DNA is self-renewing.
DNA is a structure that has the power to reorganize itself, to restructure itself. According to Darwinism, evolution is driven by chance. But what really happens is that organisms evolve and different species are created due to modifications that occur in the DNA due to the exchange of light with the environment in the process of natural selection. As the genotype is modified, the phenotype is also modified. Organisms modify their DNA to adapt to changes in the environment (adaptive mutation). In evolution, natural selection is the key. And evolution is not slow, but the effects are rapid and observable.
DNA and matter go together.
Everywhere on Earth we find bacteria. Fred Hoyle and Nalin Chandra Wickramasinghe discovered that most of the dust in galaxies is actually frozen bacteria. Bacteria are everywhere because life is consubstantial to the universe. A universe without life is not conceivable. Life was created with the universe, it did not emerge from matter.
DNA has a language.
DNA is the language of life. DNA is a supermolecule with two strands joined together as a double helix that stores coded and compressed information. The functioning of DNA is similar to a computer program. It contains information and instructions.
The nucleotides, the nitrogenous bases A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine) and T (thymidine), of the DNA molecule form a language, where each base corresponds to a character of the language. The rungs of the double helix ladder are the base pairs AT and GC. The two strands are complementary. Knowing the structure of one strand, the other can be reconstructed.
Each nucleotide has 3 aspects: 1) its expression, which manifests itself as a certain vibration; 2) its form (or syntax), which is the place it occupies within a DNA strand; 3) its function (or semantics), which is the role it plays in the synthesis of certain proteins.
Each word in the DNA language is a 3-base sequence called a codon. There are 43 = 64 possible codons, interestingly, the same number as the hexagrams of the I Ching [see Addendum]. A sequence of codons is a language sentence. The function of codons is to give instructions to generate amino acids. Most amino acids are made up of more than one codon. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. There are only 20 possible amino acids in proteins and there are synonymous codons. Proteins are the basic biochemical units that govern all biological processes. There are 3 special codons, which function as terminators of a codon chain. Sequences of codons that are grammatically correct sentences are called genes.
The DNA molecule indicates not only the component proteins of the organism but how they are constructed. Genetic information is basically an instruction manual for protein assembly.
The language of DNA has a structure similar to that of natural languages: it is a regular grammar. Human texts and genetic texts have similar formal characteristics. Human languages are a reflection of DNA. These linguistic structures of DNA constitute the underlying intelligence of the processes that give rise to a natural language. It can be said that the genetic code is the mother tongue, the source of all languages.
El ADN es muy complejo. El ADN de una bacteria contiene 3 millones de pares de bases. El ADN humano (el genoma humano) contiene 3.000 millones de pares de bases. Aunque el código genético de la bacteria sea más corto que el humano, es estructuralmente el mismo. La estructura formal del ADN es idéntica en todos los seres vivos, desde una ameba hasta una ballena.
DNA cannot be created by chemical processes. Only DNA can create DNA, only life can create life.
It should be emphasized that all amino acids in DNA have exclusively "left-handed" chirality. Chirality is the property of an object not to be superimposable with its mirror image. For example, the human left hand is not superimposable with its mirror image (the right hand).
DNA stores and transmits information.
DNA is not only responsible for the construction of our body, but it also stores information. DNA is sensitive to certain modulated frequencies of laser beams and radio waves. Information can be stored in DNA by changing its vibrational frequency using a laser beam of the appropriate frequency. Laser beams can be used to repair genetic defects.
Using the right frequency, the information (vibrational) pattern of the DNA can be captured and transmitted to other DNA, thus reprogramming the genome of other cells. For example, it has been possible to transform frog embryos into salamander embryos.
DNA functions as an antenna for receiving and transmitting information. Extended it measures about 1.8 meters, and its natural frequency is 150 MHz.
DNA can be considered a "biological computer" (Biocomputer). Chromosomes function as solitonic computers under the influence of endogenous DNA radiations. Moreover, chromosomes reproduce in a holographic way the whole organism.
DNA is connected with consciousness.
DNA transmits information to our consciousness through a process of hypercommunication that is experienced as intuition. This process is most effective in a relaxed state. We can say that light connects DNA and consciousness.
DNA works in a network.
The DNA of a cell is connected to the DNA of other cells in a network structure. It feeds information to the network and receives information from the network. These connections are non-local and constitute a group or collective consciousness. When several people come together, the collective consciousness is strengthened and can influence DNA and even nature. An ordered collective consciousness creates order in the whole environment.
We humans already have our own biological Internet with wireless connection through DNA. DNA breaks the barriers of space and time and provides us with a holistic consciousness that interrelates all living beings. We are, at our core, beings of light. Organisms use this light to communicate non-locally with other organisms.
DNA is sensitive to our spoken language.
By harmonizing the sounds we emit (the words) we can influence the DNA. Spiritual masters know that our body can be reprogrammed through spoken language and even thought. Masaru Emoto has shown that words, music and thought can alter the molecular structure of water.
The Phantom DNA.
When a DNA sample is irradiated with laser light, a typical spectroscopic pattern appears. When the sample is removed, the pattern does not disappear; the light continues to form spirals in that space, as if the DNA is still there. It is as if the DNA has an energetic or vital duplicate, a phantom DNA. The vibration of the DNA produces patterns in the vacuum, which are small magnetized wormholes. A wormhole (or Einstein-Rosen bridge) is an update of the nineteenth century theory of a fourth spatial dimension. It is a non-local connection between different zones of the universe through which information can be transmitted. Under certain conditions, wormholes can organize themselves to form a field structure in the vacuum, which can be maintained for up to a month. This structure is currently called the "Zero Point Field".
Phantom DNA can also be interpreted as the manifestation of a new type of energy different from known physical energies.Life energy?
The conclusion is that DNA is connected with the Field and that we have a physical body and an energetic or vital body, both manifestations of the Field.
DNA has wave attributes that communicate with an unknown dimension. Are they vital waves? Does DNA connect us with another dimension?
Universal Darwinism
Darwin's theory of evolution was a revolution in the way of understanding the phenomenon of life and was also a philosophical revolution comparable to the Copernican revolution: the Earth is not the center of the universe, and man is not the center of life. But behind the biological theory lies a more general and deeper theory.
Universal Darwinism −or generalized Darwinism or universal natural selection theory or Darwinian metaphysics − is a generalization of biological Darwinism. It is the idea that Darwinism is applicable to many domains beyond the realm of biology. Everything evolves and follows the Darwinian model.
The consideration of the Darwinian process as a universal mechanism was suggested by Donald Campbell, in the 1960's, to explain the development of science and other forms of knowledge, thus founding a new field: evolutionary epistemology.
Universal Darwinism is a generalized version of the mechanism of reproduction, variation and selection to explain the evolution of a wide variety of domains such as sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, culture, medicine, computer science, physics, cosmology and linguistics. It is, in essence, an algorithm consisting of 3 steps: 1) replication, copying or reproduction; 2) variations on the copies; 3) selection of copies according to a criterion based on the variations they possess.
Richard Dawkins seems to have coined this term in 1983 when he conjectured that all forms of life outside the Earth would also evolve according to the Darwinian model. For Dawkins, Darwinian evolution is truly transcendental, universal. He even went so far as to claim that evolution itself evolves in his article "The Evolution of Evolvability".
Susan Blackmore, in her book "The Meme Machine" applies Darwinism to human culture. He also devotes a chapter to universal Darwinism. Memetics is universal Darwinism applied to human culture. Because of its importance, this topic is developed in the following section.
The philosopher Daniel Dennett, in his 1995 book "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" conceived the idea that the Darwinian process could be applied to many fields of knowledge, beyond biology, especially memetics in the social sciences.
Henry Plotkin's book "Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge" [1997] includes a chapter devoted to universal Darwinism, in which he refers to broader forms of evolution, specifically within organisms, such as the immune system and learning.
Social Darwinism is the belief that social evolution can be explained by the laws of biological evolution. Herbert Spencer was its main proponent. He devoted his life to elaborating a system of evolutionary philosophy, in which he considered natural evolution as the key to all reality: the struggle between individuals or human groups is the source of social and biological progress. Darwin, however, opposed the literal application of the mechanism of natural selection to human societies, insisting that social evolution could not be guided by the concepts of struggle for survival and natural selection.
Quantum Darwinism is a new theory proposed by physicist Wojciech Hubert Zurek [2009] to explain the transition between the ethereal quantum world (the world of possibilities and the abstract mathematical realm) and the world of our real, material experience. According to Zurek, natural selection also acts in the quantum universe: the states of quantum physics are reproduced and the fittest are selected.
Memetics
Richard Dawkins, in his 1976 book "The Selfish Gene" [2014], argues that natural selection does not act on individuals or on species, but rather on genes. Genes try to survive by reproducing against rival genes. The selfishness of genes is the basis of biological evolution.
Chapter XI of the book is entitled "Memes: the new replicators", where he introduces the concept of "meme". A meme is the cultural unit of imitation. Just as the physical gene is transmitted from one generation to the next, the meme is a "mental gene" that is transmitted (or replicated) from one mind to another and from one generation to the next. Evolution is more than just genetic, evolution is also cultural. Culture evolves by the spread of memes. Memetics, a term analogous to "genetics", is the science that studies memes, a basic science for understanding human evolution.
The meme icon
El term "meme" derivates from the term "gene" as "mental gene".
Memes have existence by themselves. They are living entities, not only metaphorically but technically.
Memes replicate themselves by imitation mechanisms, trying to survive, like genes.
While genes are natural units independent of our actions, memes are built by us.
Memes are processed by the brain and the nervous system, they are subject to a Darwinian process, whose 3 fundamental properties are: replication, variation and selection. Memes replicate with variations and selections. Since only some of the variations survive, memes evolve. Some memes perpetuate, others change and others disappear.
Memes, like genes, try to survive by competing with each other (when they represent antagonistic ideas), and they can also cooperate with each other for their mutual survival.
Memes can group together to form macromemes or complex memes (memeplex), structured and interrelated memes that form a complex cultural object, such as a theory, language, religion, mythology, etc.
Memes act automatically, regardless of their value.
Unlike an individual's genes, which tend to disappear over generations, memes of value (good ideas) can endure for centuries.
Just as biological evolutionary processes are governed by Darwinism, the evolution of culture seems to follow a Lamarckian model, the transmission of traits acquired throughout life by the individual to his offspring or congeners, which makes cultural evolution a very rapid process.
Memes can trigger epidemics, when an idea affects an entire population, especially when the idea has great appeal, such as the idea of God. Religions are particularly powerful memes.
The most powerful memes are deep philosophies and ideas that provide a unified view of reality: universalist memes. An example of a universalist idea is the Internet, because it is a brilliant and powerful idea, which is also a great transmitter of memes.
Memes are analog, while genes are discrete, digital.
Not every meme is integrated or assimilated into a culture, as certain memes may provoke rejection. The meme theory itself is also a meme, and it is not known whether this theory will be assimilated and survive in the future.
Memes have an existence of their own. In this sense, they are reminiscent of Platonic Ideas. Ideas are true reality, they have real existence. Ideas are susceptible of true knowledge (episteme), whereas sensible reality is only susceptible of opinion (doxa). Ideas are models or archetypes of things. Things participate in Ideas. Ideas are manifested or projected in the sensible world in an imperfect way.
Memes are also related to Karl Popper's "3 worlds theory". According to this author, there are 3 worlds: 1) the physical, chemical and biological world; 2) the psychological world, including subjective and unconscious experiences; 3) the world of the products of the human mind, the cultural products.
According to Popper, world 3 is the most valuable and productive world. It is an objective world without a cognizing subject. The proof is that these objects can produce causal effects or manifest themselves in worlds 1 and 2. For example, a sculpture is not only an object of world 1, but it is the result of a planned and elaborated project in world 3. And two copies of a book (which are different objects because they occupy different spaces) are the same book in world 3. Following this reasoning, we could say that there is only a single DNA in world 3 and multiple manifestations in world 1. This is along the same lines as John Wheeler's proposal that there is only one electron, and that this is the cause of the indistinguishability of electrons (they all have the same charge and the same mass).
Worlds 2 and 3 are real, understanding by real everything capable of interacting with world 1. The interaction between world 3 and world 1 takes place through world 2.
Popper drew analogies between cultural and biological evolution by pointing out the similarities between the process of scientific progress and natural selection. In his work "The Logic of Scientific Inquiry" (1934) he proposed a theory of knowledge based on trial and error, that is, by Darwinian selection.
Daniel Dennett is a great advocate of memetics. For this philosopher, the mind is "a hotbed of memes" and consciousness is "a gigantic complex of memes."
For anthropologist Robert Aunger, author of "The Electric Meme" [2003], memes are something more concrete: they are not small fragments of a thought (such as a word or an idea); they are patterns or complexes formed by electrical charges and located in our brains and self-replicating between brains. The transfer of memes requires a common context to occur successfully.
Susan Blackmore is the author who has developed memetics the most, convinced of its great theoretical and practical potential. She reworked and generalized the notion of meme to extend it to anything that is transmitted from one person to another such as habits, words, songs, stories, fashions, etc. In general, any kind of information or idea. Blackmore is a convinced memetics scientist and author of the popular book "The meme machine" [2000], where she explores its implications, with somewhat radical positions:
We are all the product of two blind replicators: genes and memes.
We are nothing but complexes of co-adapted memes.
Our ideas are in our heads because they are successful memes that have survived by inhabiting our conscious inner space.
The inner "I "is just an illusion created by memes in their effort to self-replicate.
We always have a head full of thoughts because that's how memes are active, ready to replicate in other brains.
We are driven by memes and we are meme machines.
Genes are transmitted vertically (from parents to children). Memes are transmitted horizontally (brain to brain).
The media and education are the most powerful channels of memetic transmission.
The most powerful memes are those that provide worldviews such as scientific paradigms, political systems and religions.
People who do not relate do not transmit their memes and drive them to extinction.
The theory of memes is much debated and is not universally accepted, even in the evolutionary context:
The theory of memes is based on the fact that they are ethereal, diffuse, non-measurable entities. Unlike genes, which are physical entities and have a specific structure.
It is human beings that have ideas, and not ideas that have human beings.
The mechanism of meme transmission is not known.
It is a simplistic and reductionist attempt to explain culture.
It is not known what the unit of meme is.
The whole theory of memes is equivalent to the same theory where we substitute "meme" for "idea". It is a new terminology for something already known. Memetics could be called "the study of culture" or "the study of the diffusion of ideas".
In reality, memes are produced by induced imagination. When someone sees something or has an idea transmitted to them, their imagination is triggered, it manifests on the mental plane and tends to be automatically realized on the physical plane, regardless of its value.
We must differentiate between idea and information. An idea is a meme, but there is information that is not a meme. For example, the information that Oslo is the capital of Norway does not imply imitation or reproduction.
Memetics is a universalist paradigm. It is even claimed to be the greatest paradigm shift in the entire history of science. Memetics aspires to unify biology, anthropology and cognitive sciences. It is even claimed that it claims to explain everything.
The Problem of Life
The problem of life is essentially the same as the problem of consciousness, truth, information, and semantics: it cannot be defined or formalized because it is at a deep level. It cannot be "captured" from the superficial. We can only approximate. We can simulate reactive behavior, but not intentional behavior, which is linked to consciousness. However, it is possible to approximate intentional behavior with the help of heuristic rules. Heuristic rules connect the particular with the general.
The model we defend is that of the universal paradigm: the principle of downward causality (PDC) to which we add the subject of archetypes:
Life is a manifestation of consciousness, on the physical and mental planes. It is the simplest hypothesis, the one that follows the principle of Occam's razor, but in this case at the universal level. Life comes from a higher level (consciousness) and not from a lower level (the physical world). Life does not support itself; it is supported by consciousness. Without consciousness there would be no life, it would be only mechanicity.
On the border between consciousness and its manifestations are the primary archetypes, which manifest in mind, matter and life. At a deep level these three aspects converge. Every form of life has a certain level of consciousness. According to the level of manifestation, so is the level of consciousness. Consciousness is that which connects the opposites: the internal and the external world, order and chaos, the subjective and the objective, the stable and the unstable, the static and the dynamic, genotype and phenotype.
There is coherence between genome and phenome, between organism and environment, between internal and external. Everything is interconnected and correlated. in an astonishing way, with a global order that transcends the particular. Everything particular is supported by the universal, there is nothing separate, isolated.
Intentionality is nothing but imagination and, therefore, has a connection with synthetic consciousness. It is visualization of a goal, the primary and most fundamental goal being to maintain itself, to maintain its integrity and identity. First is the objective, the purpose, the teleology, the principles, the universal. Then comes the specific, the particular.
As life is the manifestation of consciousness on the physical plane, life manifests itself, also as geometry. A characteristic of life is evolution and with evolution the living being changes form.
DNA is a biological web based on light. Light is the purest manifestation of consciousness and the subtlest connection between the unmanifested and the manifested. In light, time disappears. That is why light has spiritual connotations.
Addendum
The I Ching and DNA
DNA is a double helix molecule located in the nucleus of cells. Each helix consists of a sequence of elements called nucleotides, which in turn are composed of three fixed elements and one variable element (nitrogenous base). The bases store the DNA information and there are 4 types: A (Adenine), T (Thymine), C (Cytosine) and G (Guanine), so that the bases A and T are always linked between the two helices, as are the bases C and G. There are 43 = 64 different "words" formed with these 4 codes. The two strands are complementary at the base pair level.
In 1968, Marie-Louise von Franz, a disciple and collaborator of Jung, published an essay −in an anthology of psychology articles entitled "Symbol des Unus Mundus"− in which she suggested the possible analogy or structural correspondence between the I Ching and the DNA code. But it was Martin Schönberger [1979] (from the following year) who discovered the parallels between the two systems. Subsequently, Johnson Faa Yan [1993] expanded on these discoveries.
The 8 trigrams of I Ching
The analogies are as follows:
Both are based on polarities: yin-yang (I Ching) and vertical up-down orientation (DNA).
Both are composed of 4 basic elements. In the I Ching they are yin and yang, in their static and dynamic variants, grouped in pairs. In DNA there are 4 "letters" available (A, T, C and G), also grouped in pairs (A-T and C-G).
Three of these elements form a triplet: a trigram (I Ching) or a genetic code called a "codon" (DNA).
The reading direction of the codes in both systems is perfectly determined.
There are 64 pairs of trigrams (I Ching), which configure all possible archetypal states. There are 64 possible combinations of 3 nucleotides or word pairs (DNA) with which all living beings are constructed.
Two of these triplets have names: beginning and end. In the case of DNA they serve as separating, punctuation elements between coding sequences. In the I Ching, hexagrams 63 and 64 have a similar function.
During the last few years a new branch of genetics has emerged called epigenetics, the essence of which is the change of DNA itself, as in the I Ching.
Thus, it can be stated that the I Ching explains the dynamics of consciousness and that DNA explains the dynamics (functioning) of life (metabolism).
Biology vs. Physics. Schrödinger and Palacios
The scientific and philosophical problem of the dependence or not of biology on physics has been a historical constant since the establishment of both disciplines as modern sciences. In this sense, there have been two tendencies: 1) Ascending: the expansionism of physics over biology: biology as a chapter of physics; 2) Descending: the reductionism of biology to physics.
Genetic or genomic reductionism currently predominates, where the question of life is what is the minimum set of genes essential to produce life? In fact, some biologists (such as Craig Venter) believe that artificial life can be created from a reduced set of genes.
The physicists Scrödinger and Palacios were expansionists. They both claimed that physics is the fundamental, universal and unique science. They doubted the existence of "ghosts" (non-physical entities) to explain the transition from physics to biology.
Erwin Schrödinger's book "What is life?" [1984] −the publication of lectures given in 1943− became a classic. It is a collection of suggestive ideas and conjectures on the physical interpretation of life. In the last chapter, entitled "Is life based on the laws of physics?", he states:
"The functioning of an organism requires exact laws of physics."
"The gene is a masterpiece of a highly differentiated order."
"We cannot expect the laws of physics to suffice to explain the behavior of living matter." "We must be prepared to find a new kind of physical law to govern it, or will we have to call it a non-physical law, or even a superphysical law?"
Quantum physics is the ideal vehicle for the expansionism of physics into biology, where discontinuous biological phenomena correspond to leaps in quantum physics. "We might figuratively call the theory of mutation the quantum theory of biology" and "The mechanism of heredity is intimately related to, if not founded upon, the very basis of quantum theory."
He also approaches life from the physical concept of entropy: "Living consists in taking negative entropy from the outside. Organisms feed on negative entropy."
Julio Palacios, in his work "From Physics to Biology" [1947], comments and expands on Schrödinger's book:
Organisms must comply with the laws of physics.
An organism is an open system, so it must be subject to thermodynamic laws: the law of conservation of energy and the principle of entropy increase.
Perhaps "new laws" of physics will explain biological processes in the future.
"Presumably, current physics is not enough to explain all biological phenomena; but if the existence of 'ghosts' is ruled out in advance, it is taken for granted that all of biology will fall under future physics." For Palacios, the "ghosts" would represent phenomena inexplicable from physics.
Quantum physics and evolution
According to physicist Amit Goswami [2010], quantum physics reconciles Darwinism and intelligent design. It is his "theory of creative evolution":
Darwinism is basically a bottom-up, progressive evolutionary phenomenon (from reptiles to birds, from primates to humans, etc.), an evolution based on natural variation/selection, always toward greater consciousness. But it may rather be a result of a top-down process: consciousness collapsing creatively.
Consciousness plays a crucial role in biological evolution. And it provides a foundation for what life is.
"The evolution of the cosmos is a creative play of consciousness for the purpose of revealing itself in manifestation."
Biological evolution is governed by intentionality toward greater consciousness and greater complexity. Complexity arises from the simple by the intentional mechanism of creating combinations with meaning.
Life is consciousness itself collapsed, manifested and integrated in the lower levels (physical and mental) in a self-referential way, capable of organizing itself, perceiving itself, autonomous and at the same time dependent on the environment, thus uniting the internal and the external. The cell is the first self-referential organism.
There is a creative purpose, an evolution towards a higher consciousness. The future of the cosmos is already represented and present in consciousness.
The living organism is a coherent macroscopic quantum macroscopic system. There are non-local, instantaneous (or quasi-instantaneous) correlations between all parts of the organism. Also in groups of beings (flocks of birds): instantaneous coordination.
An organism is like an integrated macroscopic wave function.
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